Population based study of social and productive activities as predictors of survival among elderly Americans.

OBJECTIVES To examine any association between social, productive, and physical activity and 13 year survival in older people. DESIGN Prospective cohort study with annual mortality follow up. Activity and other measures were assessed by structured interviews at baseline in the participants' homes. Proportional hazards models were used to model survival from time of initial interview. SETTING City of New Haven, Connecticut, United States. PARTICIPANTS 2761 men and women from a random population sample of 2812 people aged 65 and older. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE Mortality from all causes during 13 years of follow up. RESULTS All three types of activity were independently associated with survival after age, sex, race/ethnicity, marital status, income, body mass index, smoking, functional disability, and history of cancer, diabetes, stroke, and myocardial infarction were controlled for. CONCLUSIONS Social and productive activities that involve little or no enhancement of fitness lower the risk of all cause mortality as much as fitness activities do. This suggests that in addition to increased cardiopulmonary fitness, activity may confer survival benefits through psychosocial pathways. Social and productive activities that require less physical exertion may complement exercise programmes and may constitute alternative interventions for frail elderly people.